线程同步概念我们了解了线程的互斥那么线程同步是干什么的呢同步机制的引入线程互斥通过锁机制解决了多线程的情况下数据不一致的问题。但新技术的引入也带来了新的问题线程互斥的加锁机制这需要线程之间相互抢夺锁得到锁的线程才能够进入临界区访问临界资源这就导致了一个问题程序运行的效率很低并且往往有线程一直都抢不到锁造成线程饥饿问题基于以上问题所以引入了线程同步机制。线程同步机制主要实现以下3点1.申请同一把锁的线程要排队 2.申请过锁的线程不能立即申请第二次3.申请过锁的线程要回到队伍末端进行排队其目的是为了让线程按照一定顺序访问临界资源条件变量条件变量其本质并不是“变量”而是Linux下实现线程同步的具体机制感性理解条件变量条件变量机制的实现方式让对应的线程进入队列中等待并通过从前到后的顺序唤醒线程。这样就可以让线程按照一定的顺序访问临界资源当一个线程互斥地访问某个变量时它可能发现在其它线程改变状态之前它什么也做不了。 例如一个线程访问队列时发现队列为空没有数据那它只能等待只等其它线程将一个节点添加到队列中。这种情况就需要用到条件变量让当前需要等待的线程进入条件变量下的队列中等待当对应的数据被添加后再加线程唤醒继续执行代码。这样做的好处在于不会因为一个线程的等待而导致整体的程序都被迫等待使用条件变量后让等待的线程到队列中等待不妨碍其他线程的执行条件变量接口条件变量的接口与互斥锁的接口类似代码语言javascriptAI代码解释条件变量初始化 全局初始化 pthread_cond_t cond PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER; 局部初始化 #include pthread.h int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, const pthread_condattr_t *restrict attr); cond指向要初始化的条件变量pthread_cond_t类型 attr条件变量的属性通常为NULL表示使用默认属性 注全局初始化后OS会自动销毁但局部初始化需要我们自己手动销毁代码语言javascriptAI代码解释条件变量销毁局部初始化需要我们调用函数手动销毁 int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond); cond指向要销毁的条件变量代码语言javascriptAI代码解释等待条件满足 int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex); cond指向条件变量 mutex指向已加锁的互斥锁调用前必须由当前线程持有代码语言javascriptAI代码解释唤醒一个等待线程 int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond); cond指向条件变量 唤醒所有等待线程 int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond); cond指向条件变量接口使用演示这里我是让所有的线程全部都进入了条件变量下的队列进行了等待并每隔一秒唤醒一个线程。代码语言javascriptAI代码解释#include iostream #include stdlib.h #include string #include unistd.h #include pthread.h using namespace std; int ticket 1000; pthread_mutex_t lock PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; // 定义并初始化锁 pthread_cond_t cond PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER; // 定义并初始化条件变量 void *route(void *args) { string name static_castchar *(args); while (true) { // 对临界区上锁 pthread_mutex_lock(lock); if (ticket 0) { // 在条件变量下等待 pthread_cond_wait(cond, lock); cout name :sells ticket: ticket endl; ticket--; // 结束访问临界区解锁 pthread_mutex_unlock(lock); } else { // 结束访问临界区解锁 pthread_mutex_unlock(lock); break; } } return nullptr; } int main() { while (1) { pthread_t t1, t2, t3, t4; pthread_create(t1, NULL, route, (void *)thread 1); pthread_create(t2, NULL, route, (void *)thread 2); pthread_create(t3, NULL, route, (void *)thread 3); pthread_create(t4, NULL, route, (void *)thread 4); while (1) { // 每个一秒唤醒一个线程 sleep(1); pthread_cond_signal(cond); } pthread_join(t1, NULL); pthread_join(t2, NULL); pthread_join(t3, NULL); pthread_join(t4, NULL); } }通过结果我们可以看到线程是按照1342这个顺序进行执行的符合我们对条件变量的预期。代码语言javascriptAI代码解释thread 1:sells ticket:1000 thread 3:sells ticket:999 thread 4:sells ticket:998 thread 2:sells ticket:997 thread 1:sells ticket:996 thread 3:sells ticket:995 thread 4:sells ticket:994 thread 2:sells ticket:993 thread 1:sells ticket:992 thread 3:sells ticket:991 thread 4:sells ticket:990 thread 2:sells ticket:989理解为什么条件变量等待接口参数需要传入锁重点1pthread_cond_wait调用成功挂起当前线程之前要先自动释放锁重点2当线程被唤醒的时候默认就在临界区内唤醒要从pthread_cond_wait成功返回需要当前线程重新申请_mutex锁重点3如果被唤醒但是申请锁失败了就会在锁上阻塞等待onw.ltiwnds.cn/33757.shtmonw.ltiwnds.cn/37519.shtmonw.ltiwnds.cn/75371.shtmonw.ltiwnds.cn/48486.shtmonw.ltiwnds.cn/50370.shtmonw.ltiwnds.cn/62204.shtmonw.ltiwnds.cn/71551.shtmonw.ltiwnds.cn/57171.shtmonw.ltiwnds.cn/91397.shtmonw.ltiwnds.cn/88602.shtmone.ltiwnds.cn/73955.shtmone.ltiwnds.cn/84020.shtmone.ltiwnds.cn/55537.shtmone.ltiwnds.cn/51519.shtmone.ltiwnds.cn/37733.shtmone.ltiwnds.cn/55591.shtmone.ltiwnds.cn/17951.shtmone.ltiwnds.cn/08400.shtmone.ltiwnds.cn/73515.shtmone.ltiwnds.cn/77533.shtmonr.ltiwnds.cn/62400.shtmonr.ltiwnds.cn/00600.shtmonr.ltiwnds.cn/86824.shtmonr.ltiwnds.cn/77355.shtmonr.ltiwnds.cn/28066.shtmonr.ltiwnds.cn/91177.shtmonr.ltiwnds.cn/35597.shtmonr.ltiwnds.cn/48664.shtmonr.ltiwnds.cn/40860.shtmonr.ltiwnds.cn/44824.shtmont.ltiwnds.cn/86446.shtmont.ltiwnds.cn/62082.shtmont.ltiwnds.cn/86082.shtmont.ltiwnds.cn/66664.shtmont.ltiwnds.cn/24866.shtmont.ltiwnds.cn/40486.shtmont.ltiwnds.cn/42680.shtmont.ltiwnds.cn/13135.shtmont.ltiwnds.cn/57731.shtmont.ltiwnds.cn/08606.shtmony.ltiwnds.cn/60208.shtmony.ltiwnds.cn/82608.shtmony.ltiwnds.cn/40208.shtmony.ltiwnds.cn/68840.shtmony.ltiwnds.cn/80444.shtmony.ltiwnds.cn/82628.shtmony.ltiwnds.cn/06008.shtmony.ltiwnds.cn/86408.shtmony.ltiwnds.cn/80822.shtmony.ltiwnds.cn/02426.shtmonu.ltiwnds.cn/04042.shtmonu.ltiwnds.cn/06642.shtmonu.ltiwnds.cn/24260.shtmonu.ltiwnds.cn/22600.shtmonu.ltiwnds.cn/20828.shtmonu.ltiwnds.cn/64808.shtmonu.ltiwnds.cn/08280.shtmonu.ltiwnds.cn/48262.shtmonu.ltiwnds.cn/04226.shtmonu.ltiwnds.cn/59399.shtmoni.ltiwnds.cn/64424.shtmoni.ltiwnds.cn/46004.shtmoni.ltiwnds.cn/48268.shtmoni.ltiwnds.cn/84464.shtmoni.ltiwnds.cn/22688.shtmoni.ltiwnds.cn/86266.shtmoni.ltiwnds.cn/84686.shtmoni.ltiwnds.cn/02606.shtmoni.ltiwnds.cn/02068.shtmoni.ltiwnds.cn/00406.shtmono.ltiwnds.cn/62424.shtmono.ltiwnds.cn/40440.shtmono.ltiwnds.cn/24240.shtmono.ltiwnds.cn/06086.shtmono.ltiwnds.cn/80022.shtmono.ltiwnds.cn/39977.shtmono.ltiwnds.cn/22806.shtmono.ltiwnds.cn/35377.shtmono.ltiwnds.cn/28802.shtmono.ltiwnds.cn/06480.shtmonp.ltiwnds.cn/44806.shtmonp.ltiwnds.cn/31575.shtmonp.ltiwnds.cn/24482.shtmonp.ltiwnds.cn/44608.shtmonp.ltiwnds.cn/44866.shtmonp.ltiwnds.cn/42088.shtmonp.ltiwnds.cn/28826.shtmonp.ltiwnds.cn/28644.shtmonp.ltiwnds.cn/20628.shtmonp.ltiwnds.cn/84006.shtmona.ltiwnds.cn/40088.shtmona.ltiwnds.cn/06000.shtmona.ltiwnds.cn/42682.shtmona.ltiwnds.cn/24668.shtmona.ltiwnds.cn/28226.shtmona.ltiwnds.cn/66608.shtmona.ltiwnds.cn/24266.shtmona.ltiwnds.cn/06442.shtmona.ltiwnds.cn/46444.shtmona.ltiwnds.cn/44222.shtmons.ltiwnds.cn/44628.shtmons.ltiwnds.cn/24042.shtmons.ltiwnds.cn/20866.shtmons.ltiwnds.cn/20804.shtmons.ltiwnds.cn/40068.shtmons.ltiwnds.cn/22864.shtmons.ltiwnds.cn/48648.shtmons.ltiwnds.cn/26022.shtmons.ltiwnds.cn/48286.shtmons.ltiwnds.cn/68420.shtmond.ltiwnds.cn/44646.shtmond.ltiwnds.cn/08000.shtmond.ltiwnds.cn/26264.shtmond.ltiwnds.cn/62480.shtmond.ltiwnds.cn/66628.shtmond.ltiwnds.cn/06422.shtmond.ltiwnds.cn/44060.shtmond.ltiwnds.cn/86886.shtmond.ltiwnds.cn/20286.shtmond.ltiwnds.cn/80024.shtmonf.ltiwnds.cn/04026.shtmonf.ltiwnds.cn/60642.shtmonf.ltiwnds.cn/40806.shtmonf.ltiwnds.cn/28800.shtmonf.ltiwnds.cn/28680.shtmonf.ltiwnds.cn/20640.shtmonf.ltiwnds.cn/53939.shtmonf.ltiwnds.cn/88080.shtmonf.ltiwnds.cn/48860.shtmonf.ltiwnds.cn/86046.shtmong.ltiwnds.cn/00828.shtmong.ltiwnds.cn/20600.shtmong.ltiwnds.cn/24660.shtmong.ltiwnds.cn/02820.shtmong.ltiwnds.cn/40804.shtmong.ltiwnds.cn/64648.shtmong.ltiwnds.cn/06004.shtmong.ltiwnds.cn/62840.shtmong.ltiwnds.cn/15379.shtmong.ltiwnds.cn/26204.shtmonh.ltiwnds.cn/80448.shtmonh.ltiwnds.cn/40466.shtmonh.ltiwnds.cn/60686.shtmonh.ltiwnds.cn/28888.shtmonh.ltiwnds.cn/60464.shtmonh.ltiwnds.cn/42422.shtmonh.ltiwnds.cn/48646.shtmonh.ltiwnds.cn/42428.shtmonh.ltiwnds.cn/24024.shtmonh.ltiwnds.cn/68460.shtmonj.ltiwnds.cn/40860.shtmonj.ltiwnds.cn/04468.shtmonj.ltiwnds.cn/44802.shtmonj.ltiwnds.cn/64004.shtmonj.ltiwnds.cn/62606.shtmonj.ltiwnds.cn/44222.shtmonj.ltiwnds.cn/08086.shtmonj.ltiwnds.cn/84806.shtmonj.ltiwnds.cn/24842.shtmonj.ltiwnds.cn/24002.shtmonk.ltiwnds.cn/80426.shtmonk.ltiwnds.cn/60084.shtmonk.ltiwnds.cn/64282.shtmonk.ltiwnds.cn/26866.shtmonk.ltiwnds.cn/88046.shtmonk.ltiwnds.cn/48662.shtmonk.ltiwnds.cn/40480.shtmonk.ltiwnds.cn/88244.shtmonk.ltiwnds.cn/06886.shtmonk.ltiwnds.cn/46242.shtmonl.ltiwnds.cn/86640.shtmonl.ltiwnds.cn/68088.shtmonl.ltiwnds.cn/64802.shtmonl.ltiwnds.cn/86280.shtmonl.ltiwnds.cn/24024.shtmonl.ltiwnds.cn/84626.shtmonl.ltiwnds.cn/82608.shtmonl.ltiwnds.cn/48820.shtmonl.ltiwnds.cn/08224.shtmonl.ltiwnds.cn/22822.shtmonz.ltiwnds.cn/86840.shtmonz.ltiwnds.cn/64824.shtmonz.ltiwnds.cn/80642.shtmonz.ltiwnds.cn/08448.shtmonz.ltiwnds.cn/08284.shtmonz.ltiwnds.cn/86008.shtmonz.ltiwnds.cn/24204.shtmonz.ltiwnds.cn/88466.shtmonz.ltiwnds.cn/02246.shtmonz.ltiwnds.cn/60448.shtmonx.ltiwnds.cn/64026.shtmonx.ltiwnds.cn/22806.shtmonx.ltiwnds.cn/82080.shtmonx.ltiwnds.cn/0028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